急性捕食风险不能完全限制饥饿 雌性长爪沙鼠的觅食活动

觅食活动是动物生存和繁殖所必需的基本的活动,受个体生理状态（如饥饿）和环境状况（如捕食、食物可利用性）时空变化的影响,能量状态-风险分配假说指出,动物在应对不同风险时会优化觅食和反捕食努力的时间和能量分配。然而,有关啮齿动物觅食决策的能量状态-捕食风险分配假说的研究结论尚不统一。本研究在野外实验室以艾鼬（Mustela eversmannii）气味作为捕食风险刺激源,以非捕食者（马）气味源作为对照,首先通过Y型观测箱检验雌性饥饿长爪沙鼠（Meriones unguiculatus）对捕食者气味的辨别能力（Wilcoxon 秩检验）;在此基础上通过中立场行为观测箱分别测定饥饿雌鼠在“有食物和天敌气味源”与“有食物和非天敌气味源”环境下的觅食活动,采用Mann-Whitney Z检验比较两者间的行为差异,以验证急性捕食风险限制饥饿沙鼠觅食活动的假设,并探讨动物在饥饿风险与捕食风险共存情况下的觅食行为对策。结果显示,（1）长爪沙鼠对天敌气味反应明显,厌恶和回避有较高潜在捕食风险的空间;（2）虽然觅食潜伏期在捕食风险存在时有所增加,但急性捕食风险并未影响饥饿沙鼠的觅食频次,沙鼠通过缩短每次觅食的持续时间来应对捕食风险;与此同时,（3）饥饿沙鼠在急性捕食风险条件下对环境探究的次数明显增加,一定程度上提高反捕食努力,且自我修饰表现显著,以缓释捕食压力的恐惧效应。这些结果表明,急性捕食风险不能完全抑制饥饿沙鼠的觅食努力,在有捕食风险情况下,饥饿的长爪沙鼠会权衡觅食获取能量和避免捕食的收益和代价,优化觅食策略。本研究结果支持能量状态-风险分配假说关于在短期高风险情况下反捕食努力分配更多,但当动物在饥饿风险持续时间比例显著增加时,动物最终也必须在高风险情况下觅食的预测,也反映了长爪沙鼠对食物资源不可预测及捕食风险高的干旱半干旱荒漠环境的行为适应对策。     

基于Biolog-ECO方法的两种不同草原中5种不同植物根际土壤微生物群落特征

【背景】土壤微生物是草原生态系统的重要组成部分,在调节植物生长、促进土壤结构的形成及维持草原生态系统功能和稳定性等方面有着不可替代的作用。【目的】探究内蒙古自治区四子王旗两种不同草原中5种不同植物根际土壤微生物群落代谢功能的多样性。【方法】利用Biolog-ECO微平板法分析四子王旗荒漠草原中阿德格和格根塔拉2个样地中短花针茅、冷蒿、细叶葱、阿尔泰狗娃花和银灰旋花5种植物根际土壤微生物群落多样性特征。【结果】两种不同草原中5种不同植物根际土壤中可培养微生物数量存在显著性差异(P0.05),阿德格草原中短花针茅根际土壤中可培养微生物总数显著高于其他植物根际,格根塔拉草原中阿尔泰狗娃花根际土壤中可培养微生物总数显著高于其他植物;两样地不同植物根际土壤微生物的平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)均表现为格根塔拉样地高于阿德格样地,而且呈"S"型变化。培养96 h后格根塔拉草原5种植物的Shannon指数与Simpson指数高于阿德格草原,同时银灰旋花根际土壤微生物多样性指数在两个草原中差异极显著;两个草原不同植物根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用主要是氨基酸类和碳水化合物碳源,对于L-天门冬酰胺、r-羟基丁酸、L-丝氨酸和D-半乳糖醛酸等碳源的功能微生物显著富集,根际土壤微生物的AWCD和多样性指数与细菌、放线菌以及土壤微生物总数呈极显著正相关性(P0.01),均匀度指数与细菌、放线菌以及土壤微生物总数量呈显著负相关性(P0.05)。【结论】不同植物根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力和偏好出现差异,而且根际土壤微生物数量越高,微生物碳代谢能力、微生物群落多样性越丰富。     

Dietary adaptations and palaeoecology of Lophialetidae (Mammalia,Tapiroidea) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin,China: combined evidence from mesowear and stable isotope analyses

Lophialetidae is an extinct group of endemic Asiatic tapiroids that are widely distributed in the Eocene sediments of Asia. Schlosseria magister and Lophialetes expeditus are the most abundant species in this family. However, their dietary and ecological characteristics are largely unknown. For the first time, we reconstruct the palaeodiet and habitat of these two lophialetids using a combination of mesowear and stable carbon isotope analysis of fossil teeth excavated from the Erlian Basin, China. Mesowear analysis (n = 141) suggests that the dietary structure of S. magister and L. expeditus shifted from less to more abrasive diets from ~52 to ~42 Ma. Stable carbon isotope analysis (n = 137) suggests that the habitats of S. magister and L. expeditus became drier and/or more open through time. The dietary shifts of the two lophialetids are consistent with evident changes in habitat. The changes in the diet and habitat were probably related to global climate change during that time period. The gradual drop in global temperatures during the early–middle Eocene led to a drier and more open terrestrial ecosystem in the Erlian Basin, probably resulting in changes in floral composition of the environment inhabited by S. magister and L. expeditus. Hence, herbivores highly susceptible to vegetation modification had to develop new resource exploitation strategies to adapt to these changes. Schlosseria magister, considered to be the sister-group of L. expeditus and with a low level of ecological flexibility, was unable to adapt to the habitat changes finally becoming extinct at ~45 Ma.     

内蒙古天然草原不同放牧压力下亚洲小车蝗的食性及营养生态位（英文）

植物表皮蜡质中的饱和链烷作为内源指示剂广泛用于评价放牧家畜的食性和食量, 但用于天然草原蝗虫食性的评价研究较少。为了探讨天然草原蝗虫的食性及其生态位变化, 本研究以内蒙古天然草原为研究对象, 于2003年7-8月沿降水梯度选择3种典型植物群落（小针茅Stipa klemenzii、 羊草Leymus chinensis和大针茅Stipa grandis群落）, 在每个植物群落不同放牧压力下小区随机做20个植被样方, 样方内植物齐地面刈割, 测定其地上生物量和物种多样性, 取主要植物种测定其链烷模式, 同时采集放牧小区优势蝗虫种亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus的粪便, 测定其链烷模式, 运用链烷技术评价蝗虫的食性及其营养生态位。结果表明： 不同植物群落中优势牧草种类及其比例不同, 其链烷模式存在种间差异, 链烷技术可以评价亚洲小车蝗的食性。亚洲小车蝗的食性在不同植物群落及不同放牧压力下存在显著的差异, 在羊草和大针茅群落中, 亚洲小车蝗是禾草采食者, 主要采食羊草和糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa, 且与绵羊的营养生态位重叠指数较低, 分别为0.0619和0.0172; 在小针茅群落中亚洲小车蝗是杂类草采食者, 主要采食无芒隐子草Cleistogenes songorica、 猪毛菜Salsola collina和小针茅, 且与绵羊的营养生态位重叠指数较高, 达到0.1815。因此, 放牧不仅改变了群落的植物种类组成, 而且直接影响了亚洲小车蝗的食物组成, 二者对食物资源利用存在一定程度的竞争。     

New fossil hangingflies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Raptipedia: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia,China

Abstract: Two new genera with six new species of hangingflies (Mecoptera: Raptipedia: Cimbrophlebiidae) are described. They were collected from the Middle Jurassic nonmarine sedimentary strata of the Jiulongshan Formation in Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, north‐eastern China. This report of Cimbrophlebiidae from the Yanliao Biota provides detailed morphological information and evidence of a broad diversity of Cimbrophlebiidae during the Middle Jurassic. A key to the known species of Cimbrophlebiidae is provided.     

Family Lasiosynidae n. fam., new palaeoendemic Mesozoic family from the infraorder Elateriformia (Coleoptera: Polyphaga)

Lasiosynidae n. fam. is proposed for the genera Lasiosyne Tan, Ren & Chih 2007 (transferred from Archostemata to Polyphaga), Anacapitis Yan 2009 Tarsomegamerus Zhang 2005 (proposed in the superfamily Chrysomeloidea) and Bupredactyla n. gen. The new family is regarded in composition of the infraorder Elateriformia without a more detailed attribution, because it demonstrates a mixture of characters of different families and superfamilies, i.e. somehow an intermediate position between the superfamilies Dascilloidea, Elateroidea, Buprestoidea and Byrrhoidea with most resemblance to Dascillidae, Schizopodidae, Eulichadidae, Ptilodactylidae and Callirrhipidae and probable more close relationship to the last three families. Four new fossil species of the genus Lasiosyne: L. daohugouensis n. sp., L. fedorenkoi n. sp., L. gratiosa n. sp., L. quadricollis n. sp., and also Bupredactyla magna n. sp. are described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. A probable generic composition of the new family is considered. The synonymy of generic names Anacapitis Yan 2009 and Brachysyne Tan & Ren 2009, n. syn. as well as synonymy of species names Lasiosyne euglyphea Tan, Ren & Chih 2007, Pappisyne eucallus Tan & Ren 2009, n. syn. and Pappisyne spathulata Tan & Ren 2009, n. syn. are proposed.     

New insights into the ear region anatomy and cranial blood supply of advanced stem Strepsirhini: Evidence from three primate petrosals from the Eocene of Chambi,Tunisia

We report the discovery of three isolated primate petrosal fragments from the fossiliferous locality of Chambi (Tunisia), a primate-bearing locality dating from the late early to the early middle Eocene. These fossils display a suite of anatomical characteristics otherwise found only in strepsirhines, and as such might be attributed either to Djebelemur or/and cf. Algeripithecus, the two diminutive stem strepsirhine primates recorded from this locality. Although damaged, the petrosals provide substantial information regarding the ear anatomy of these advanced stem strepsirhines (or pre-tooth-combed primates), notably the patterns of the pathway of the arterial blood supply. Using μCT-scanning techniques and digital segmentation of the structures, we show that the transpromontorial and stapedial branches of the internal carotid artery (ICA) were present (presence of bony tubes), but seemingly too small to supply enough blood to the cranium alone. This suggests that the ICA was not the main cranial blood supply in stem strepsirhines, but that the pharyngeal or vertebral artery primitively ensured a great part of this role instead, an arterial pattern that is reminiscent of modern cheirogaleid, lepilemurid lemuriforms and lorisiforms. This could explain parallel loss of the ICA functionality among these families. Specific measurements made on the cochlea indicate that the small strepsirhine primate(s) from Chambi was (were) highly sensitive to high frequencies and poorly sensitive to low frequencies. Finally, variance from orthogonality of the plane of the semicircular canals (SCs) calculated on one petrosal (CBI-1-569) suggests that Djebelemur or cf. Algeripithecus likely moved (at least its head) in a way similar to that of modern mouse lemurs.     

荒漠破碎化生境中长爪沙鼠集合种群野外验证研究

近年来,人类活动和自然干扰,导致内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区生境的破碎化,出现了长爪沙鼠在不同斑块间的不连续分布,每一斑块内可能存在一个局域种群,而集合种群建立的前提条件,是局域种群斑块状分布在离散的栖息地环境中。2002~2012年每年的4~10月,在阿拉善荒漠区禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4种人为不同利用方式形成的生境斑块中,采用标志重捕法对长爪沙鼠（Meriones unguiculatus）种群进行定点监测。通过分析长爪沙鼠种群动态,计算各局域种群的灭绝风险,利用Spearman秩相关系数检验种群动态的空间同步性,同时以种群周转率对长爪沙鼠扩散能力进行评估,以检验阿拉善荒漠区长爪沙鼠种群空间结构是否具有经典集合种群的功能。结果表明：（1） 不同生境斑块可被长爪沙鼠局域种群占据,11年间捕获长爪沙鼠2~7次不等;（2） 长爪沙鼠所有局域种群均具有灭绝风险,在轮牧区和禁牧区灭绝率高达1.000 0,开垦区灭绝率最低,也达到0.333 4,而本研究期间最大局域种群（2008年过牧区,26只/hm²）,在2010年发生了局域灭绝;（3） 不同生境斑块间没有明显的空间隔离而阻碍局域种群的重新建立,长爪沙鼠扩散能力较强,绝大部分月份的种群周转率在50.0%以上,特别是周转率达到100.0%的月份较多;（4） 不同生境斑块间仅轮牧区和禁牧区中长爪沙鼠种群密度显著正相关（P<0.05）,而其他生境斑块间相关性均不显著（P >0.05）,长爪沙鼠局域种群整体显示出明显的非同步空间动态。阿拉善荒漠区长爪沙鼠种群满足作为经典集合种群物种区域续存的4个条件,具有作为研究小哺乳动物集合种群的潜在价值。     

遗鸥繁殖期新分布——内蒙古袄太湿地

2012年5月24日在内蒙古呼和浩特市袄太湿地观测到遗鸥(Larus relictus) 640只,包括285只坐巢个体.遗鸥集中分布在四个湖心岛上,仅利用高出水面20 ～ 50 cm左右的岛面营巢.此次发现属于我国遗鸥的新繁殖地.